Brain tumor classification for MRI images using dual-discriminator conditional generative adversarial network.

This research focuses on improving the detection and classification of brain tumors using a method called Brain Tumor Classification using Dual-Discriminator Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (DDCGAN) for MRI images. The proposed system is implemented in the MATLAB programming language. In this study, images of the brain are taken from a dataset and processed to remove noise and enhance image quality. The brain pictures are taken from Brats MRI image dataset. The images are preprocessed using Structural interval gradient filtering to remove noises and improve the quality of the image. The preprocessing outcomes are given to feature extraction. The features are extracted by Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and the extracted features are given to the Dual-discriminator conditional generative adversarial network (DDCGAN) for recognizing the brain tumor, which classifies the brain images into glioma, meningioma, pituitary gland, and normal. Then, the weight parameter of DDCGAN is optimized by utilizing Border Collie Optimization (BCO), which is a met a heuristic approach to handle the real world optimization issues. It maximizes the detection accurateness and reduced computational time. Implemented in MATLAB, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a high sensitivity of 99.58%. The BCO-DDCGAN-MRI-BTC method outperforms existing techniques in terms of precision and sensitivity when compared to methods like Kernel Basis SVM (KSVM-HHO-BTC), Joint Training of Two-Channel Deep Neural Network (JT-TCDNN-BTC), and YOLOv2 including Convolutional Neural Network (YOLOv2-CNN-BTC). The research findings indicate that the proposed method enhances the accuracy of brain tumor classification while reducing computational time and errors.

This research focuses on improving the detection and classification of brain tumors using a method called Brain Tumor Classification using Dual-Discriminator Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (DDCGAN) for MRI images. Brain tumors can significantly impact normal brain function and lead to loss of lives, making timely diagnosis crucial. However, the process of locating affected brain cells is often time-consuming. In this study, images of the brain are taken from a dataset and processed to remove noise and enhance image quality. The proposed method employs the Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) for feature extraction and utilizes the DDCGAN to classify brain images into different types of tumors (glioma, meningioma, pituitary gland) and normal brain images. The weight parameter of DDCGAN is optimized using Border Collie Optimization (BCO), a method to handle real-world optimization issues. This optimization aims to maximize detection accuracy and minimize computational time. Implemented in MATLAB, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a high sensitivity of 99.58%. The BCO-DDCGAN-MRI-BTC method outperforms existing techniques in terms of precision and sensitivity when compared to methods like Kernel Basis SVM (KSVM-HHO-BTC), Joint Training of Two-Channel Deep Neural Network (JT-TCDNN-BTC), and YOLOv2 including Convolutional Neural Network (YOLOv2-CNN-BTC). The research findings indicate that the proposed method enhances the accuracy of brain tumor classification while reducing computational time and errors.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis potential of Halodule pinifolia: development, characterization and in vivo evaluation of H. pinifolia-based oral suspension and lipid nano-emulsion.

For treating chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, herbal medicines are preferred due to their evident therapeutic effects and lesser side effects as compared to the long-term used conventional drugs. In this study, the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of an unexplored marine grass Halodule pinifolia (HP), and a combination of it with Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice; LQ), prepared as a conventional suspension (C1) and a lipid nano-emulsion (C1-N) was evaluated in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)- and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models. Formulations C1 and C1-N contained standardized extract HP (100 mg/kg) as major active ingredient and liquorice LQ (50 mg/kg) as both active ingredient (anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer) and sweetening agent. Oral administration of HP and C1 to FCA-induced Sprague-Dawley rats significantly reduced the paw oedema, spleen index, controlled the haematological parameters, cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α estimated by ELISA), mRNA expression of cytokines and osteoclast markers (RANK, TRAP and cathepsin K measured by RTPCR). Histopathology and radiological scanning demonstrated lesser joint deterioration in sample-treated rats, as evident phenotypically. The downregulation of CD51 and MMP-3 (western blot) corroborated the anti-arthritic effect of HP and C1. HP showed better results among all. Further, under the CIA model, both C1 and C1-N were found to be potentially active as evidenced by their effect on rat paw oedema, spleen index, haematological parameters, rheumatoid factor, cytokines, osteoclast markers, histology and X-rays. The results proved the anti-arthritic effect of HP and the formulations, particularly the lipid nano-emulsion that showed improved stability as well as activity.

Analysis of Socio Demographic Risk Factors of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia at Colposcopic Clinic in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a pre-malignant lesion of the cervix of uterus. Several risk factors increased the risk of developing CIN. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the socio-demographic risk factors related to CIN at our setting. This Cross sectional observational study was performed at Colposcopic clinic of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from 9th November 2017 to 8th May 2018. Overall demographic features of 50 patients of precancerous cervical lesion show that, most of the patients belonged to the age group 30-39 years (46.0%), mean age was 32.7±10.3 years. Maximum numbers of respondents came from rural area (58.0%), followed by urban area (42.0%). Among them house wife- 46.0%, daily worker- 30.0% and illiterate 36.0%, primary level of education 32.6%. Among the patients the poor class 46.0% and 58.0% of the respondents were married at age ≤19 year. Among the respondents, (26.0%) were conceived their first child 1 month after their marriage and 54.0% of the women within 12 months of marriage. In this study multipara were (62.0%). Oral contraceptive pill was taken by (42.0%) of patients. The association of risk factors revealed that betel or tobacco chewing present in 28.0% cases; history of menstrual regulation (MR), dilatation, evacuation and curettage (DE&C), miscarriage were in 26.0% cases, family history of cancer were in 16.0% cases and multiple sexual exposure was in 10.0% cases. Women develop pre-malignant cervical lesions require early treatment. It is recommended that provision of proper health care support, early detection of CIN and proper management, can reduce the fatal outcome of the disease.

Computational study on natural molecules targeting ß-ketoacyl reductase domain of fatty acid synthase for the identification of selective inhibitors.

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) enzyme is a lipid metabolism protein that provides the essential nutrients to cancer cells through de novo lipogenesis. Also, it plays a key role in other disease conditions, including obesity and inflammation. Hence, targeting the ß-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domain of FASN protein, an in-silico study was performed on some selective bioactive natural molecules following a repurposing strategy to identify FASN inhibitors. A molecular docking study followed by Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) predictions, binding free energy calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed against FASN protein (PDB ID:6NNA) using Schrodinger Drug Discovery Software. Compounds rutin, trans-chlorogenic acid, norbergenin, myricetin, quercetin, physalolactone, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol, asperulosidic acid, luteolin, curcumin, 12-deoxywithastramonolide, pedunculoside, hernandifoline, and withafastuosin E were identified as hits, presenting better docking scores (-16.2, -14.1, -12.3, -12.1, -12.0, -11.3, -10.3, -9.8, -9.3, -9.2, -9.1, -8.5, -8.4, -8.3, -7.9, respectively) and hydrogen bond interactions with Ser 2021 and Tyr 2034 amino acids of the KR domain of FASN. The MD simulations study of top five hits in complex with protein 6NNA uncovered the significant interactions leading to the stabilization of ligand with Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) below 5.00 Å and the stability was further validated by evaluating the root mean square fluctuation, solvent accessible surface area, and radius of gyration graphs. Also, the FASN inhibition effect of top four hits (50 µM) was >50% when corroborated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC-based estimation of palmitic acid in MCF-7 cells. Thus rutin, trans-chlorogenic acid, norbergenin, and myricetin are proposed as prospective FASN inhibitory leads. Overall, the results provided useful modifications in pharmacophoric features that could improve the inhibitory effect.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Characterization of bioactive compound isolated from Micromonospora marina KPMS1 and its activity against emerging antibiotics resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae HAUTI7 and Proteus vulgaris HAUTI14.

Multiple antibiotic resistances have increased gradually in many classes of antibiotics among the gram negative organisms like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris which are the major causes of infection among worldwide. Nearly a hundred urine samples were collected, among them 16 urine samples were having plasmid and its resistant to various antibiotics. This present investigation has determined the resistant plasmid pattern of multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris from urinary tract site isolated from hospital patients. The detection and characterization of antimicrobial metabolite derived from marine sediments that produce potent activity against multidrug resistant pathogen. The 16S rRNA sequencing results and phylogeny showed that the resistant bacteria belong to the genera of Klebsiella pneumoniae HAUTI7 and Proteus vulgaris HAUTI14. The antibacterial activity and the characterization of bioactive compound like FT-IR and NMR studies were performed to analyze the structural elucidation of active compounds derived from marine source Micromonospora marina KPMS1. The 16S rRNA sequences of Micromonospora marina KPMS1was deposited in the Gen bank with the accession number MH036351. The effective bioactive compound derived from marine sediments are virtually unlimited interest that control the emerging multiple antibiotic resistant strains.

Relaparotomy after Cesarean Section: Experience in a Tertiary Referral Hospital.

This study was aimed at exploring the causes of relaparotomy following caesarean section. The surgical procedures performed during relaparotomy were also discussed. This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from November 2020 to May 2021. MMCH is the largest referral Hospital in Mymensingh. During this study period 48 puerpera needed relaparotomy after caesarean section within 6 weeks of caesarean section. The frequency of relaparotomy was 2.6%. Of the 48 cases, 28(58.33%) cases needed relaparotomy due to post partum haemorrhage (PPH). Among them 9(18.75%) had primary PPH, 19(39.58%) patients had secondary PPH. Here 7(14.58%) patients suffered from sub rectus hematoma, 5(10.42%) patients had puerperal sepsis, 3(6.23%) had internal haemorrhage and 4(8.33%) women had wound dehiscence. Foreign body was removed in 1 case (2.08%). Main procedure performed was subtotal (45.83%) and total hysterectomy (25%). Coagulation failure and septicaemia were causes of maternal death. Case fatality rate was 4.17%. Obstetric patients who need relaparotomy face potential death. This study will help us to identify the causes for relaparotomy. Due precautions should be taken as far as possible to avoid this complications following caesarean section and thereby reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.

Clinical and Liver Enzymes among the Patients with Metabolic Syndrome with or without Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease attending a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure and impaired blood sugar levels. Patients with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional observational study was carried out from January 2019 to December 2019 at the inpatient and outpatient department of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Adult subjects aged ≥18 years with metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria, 2006) were included and purposive sampling was done. A total of 242 participants were included and the mean age was 40.2±14.1 years ranging from 18-70 years. Among them, 140(57.85%) were female and 102(42.15%) were male. Out of 242 participants, 170(70.25%) subjects had Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFLD) and 72(29.75%) subjects had metabolic syndrome without NAFLD. In the male participants, the mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) of MetS with NAFLD and MetS without NAFLD was 1.01±0.07 vs. 0.96±0.08 respectively (p-value 0.003). In female subjects, the mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) of MetS with NAFLD and MetS without NAFLD group was 0.90±0.10 vs. 0.86±0.08 respectively (p-value 0.026). MetS with NAFLD subjects were more hypertensive than MetS without NAFLD subjects (61.2% vs. 42.7%). In the MetS with NAFLD group (n=170), 11.8% was normoglycemic, 43.5% was prediabetic and 44.7% was diabetic. In the MetS without NAFLD group (n=72), 19.5% was normoglycemic, 50% was prediabetic and 30.5% was diabetic. SGPT value was significantly raised in MetS with NAFLD subjects (56.4%) than MetS without NAFLD (38.9%) subjects (p-value 0.038). SGOT value was significantly raised in MetS with NAFLD subjects (58.8%) than MetS without NAFLD subjects (41.7%); (p-value 0.005). Mean Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride were significantly raised in MetS with NAFLD subjects than MetS without NAFLD subjects (p-value 0.01). In Subjects with grade I fatty liver, mean SGPT and SGOT were 42.27±22.31 vs. 39.59±16.93 respectively. In Subjects with grade II fatty liver, mean SGPT and SGOT were 62.13±32.42 vs. 52.45±28.56 respectively. In grade III fatty liver, mean SGPT and SGOT were 51.50±32.19 vs. 41.00±17.52 respectively (p value <0.001). More than two-third of participants with metabolic syndrome had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a significant elevation of liver enzymes than metabolic syndrome without NAFLD participants. About 85.0% of metabolic syndrome participants had glucose intolerance in the form of prediabetes and diabetes.

A Study on Different Deep Learning Algorithms Used in Deep Neural Nets: MLP SOM and DBN.

Deep learning is a wildly popular topic in machine learning and is structured as a series of nonlinear layers that learns various levels of data representations. Deep learning employs numerous layers to represent data abstractions to implement various computer models. Deep learning approaches like generative, discriminative models and model transfer have transformed information processing. This article proposes a comprehensive review of various deep learning algorithms Multi layer perception, Self-organizing map and deep belief networks algorithms. It first briefly introduces historical and recent state-of-the-art reviews with suitable architectures and implementation steps. Moreover, the various applications of those algorithms in various fields such as wireless networks, Adhoc networks, Mobile ad-hoc and vehicular ad-hoc networks, speech recognition engineering, medical applications, natural language processing, material science and remote sensing applications, etc. are classified.

Cyclo(Val-Pro) and Cyclo(Leu-Hydroxy-Pro) from Pseudomonas sp. (ABS-36) alleviates acute and chronic renal injury under in vitro and in vivo models (Ischemic reperfusion and unilateral ureter obstruction).

The study aimed to identify small molecules having potentiality in alleviating renal injury. Two natural compounds cyclo(Val-Pro) (1) and cyclo(Leu-Hydroxy-Pro) (2) were first evaluated under acute renal injury model of ischemic reperfusion at different doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight. Further, the compounds were subjected to antimycin A-induced ischemic in vitro study (NRK-52E cell lines). Both the compounds significantly decreased plasma IL-1ß levels (P < 0.05). Also, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß) and renal injury markers (KIM-1, NGAL, α-GST and π-GST) in the renal tissues were significantly alleviated (P < 0.01) along with the improvement in histological damage and control over neutrophil infiltration as a result of ischemic reperfusion. The in vitro study revealed the protective effect against antimycin A-induced cytotoxicity (P < 0.05) and antiapoptotic effect acting through the regulation of Bax, caspase 3 (pro and cleaved) and BCL2 with reduction in Annexin+PI+ cells. Further, the compound cyclo(Val-Pro) (1) was evaluated (50 mg/kg body weight dose) in chronic unilateral ureter obstruction model of renal injury in mice and TGF-ß-induced in vitro fibrotic model (NRK-49F cell lines). Cyclo(Val-Pro) (1) significantly reduced the expression levels of fibrotic markers (collagen-1, α-SMA and TGF-ß) and showed marked alleviation of renal fibrosis (sirius red staining). Also, the proliferation of TGF-ß-induced NRK-49F cells was significantly reduced along with decreased levels of collagen-1 and α-SMA in immunohistochemistry studies. In conclusion, the compounds significantly abrogated ischemic injury by inhibiting renal inflammation and tubular epithelial apoptosis. Further, cyclo (Val-Pro) (1) exhibited significant anti-fibrotic activity through the inhibition of fibroblast activation and proliferation. Thus, these proline-based cyclic dipeptides are recommended as drug leads for treating renal injury.

Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cassia tora Seed Extract and Investigation of Antibacterial Potential.

Nanoparticle research is fascinating and getting hold of consequences due to the wide variety of applications in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. It can be synthesised using fungi, algae, plant, yeast, bacteria, microbial enzymes etc. Our current research study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Cassia tora. The colour change from yellow to red colour confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial efficacy against three different strains were analysed. The surface plasmon resonance of synthesised AgNPs using Cassia tora seed extract shows maximum absorption peak at 423 nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction displays the crystalline nature of synthesised AgNPs and they exhibited four distinct peaks at 36.69°, 42.92°, 63.27° and 76.46°. The particle size of synthesised AgNPs observed through SEM was found to be 55.80 nm, 58.97 nm, 61.06 nm, 63.26 nm and 64.80 nm. S.aureus exhibited maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm and 13 mm when treated with 25 and 50 µl of the synthesised nanoparticles. Thus, the green synthesised silver nanoparticle using Cassia tora seed extract proved to possess strong anti-bacterial activity.

Methods for Evaluation of TNF-α Inhibition Effect.

Tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) ligands and receptors have distinctive structural characters that link them to cell growth, cell survival, or cell death. Some of these can activate both inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, depending on target cell types and other extrinsic stimuli. Many of the TNF receptor superfamily molecules are expressed in cells of the immune system, which may be central to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. However, the function of TNFSF members is not just restricted to immune cells. Members of TNFSF have been linked to an array of pathophysiologies, including cancer, neurologic, cardiovascular, pulmonary, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. TNF-α of TNFSF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes, widely implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders. In view of these facts, TNF-α has been recommended as an important target for discovering drugs for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Various cell-based assays to understand the role of TNF-α in inflammation and to estimate the concentrations of TNF-α levels in body fluids such as plasma, synovium, etc., are being followed by researchers. In this chapter, methods of cell viability assay, ELISA assay, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis for estimating LPS-induced TNF-α protein expressions are described in detail.

Baseline assessment of water quality and ecological indicators in Penaeus vannamei farm wastewater along the Southeast coast of India.

The present study aimed to investigate the water quality characteristics and the ecological indicators of wastewater of white legged shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds along the Southeast coast of India. The wastewater samples were collected from 15 shrimp farms covering 11 districts located along the coastal line of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. By adopting standard methods, the collected samples were subjected to analyses of physico-chemical and biological characteristics, especially the microbial load and metal and plankton composition. The nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, THB, TCB, and Cu concentrations of the samples were found to exceed the permissible limit as recommended by WHO, USEPA, CPCB, and CAA. Principal component analysis and canonical correspondence analysis have suggested that the phosphate, nitrate, silicate, ammonia, and total phosphorus are the important chemical factors. The generated data would be of interest to farmers for their shrimp crop management vis-à-vis culture pond wastewater treatment.

Adjuvant Analgesic Use in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the efficacy and safety of nonopioid adjunctive analgesics for patients in the ICU. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers screened citations. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials comparing efficacy and safety of an adjuvant-plus-opioid regimen to opioids alone in adult ICU patients. DATA EXTRACTION: We conducted duplicate screening of citations and data abstraction. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 10,949 initial citations, we identified 34 eligible trials. These trials examined acetaminophen, carbamazepine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, gabapentin, ketamine, magnesium sulfate, nefopam, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including diclofenac, indomethacin, and ketoprofen), pregabalin, and tramadol as adjunctive analgesics. Use of any adjuvant in addition to an opioid as compared to an opioid alone led to reductions in patient-reported pain scores at 24 hours (standard mean difference, -0.88; 95% CI, -1.29 to -0.47; low certainty) and decreased opioid consumption (in oral morphine equivalents over 24 hr; mean difference, 25.89 mg less; 95% CI, 19.97-31.81 mg less; low certainty). In terms of individual medications, reductions in opioid use were demonstrated with acetaminophen (mean difference, 36.17 mg less; 95% CI, 7.86-64.47 mg less; low certainty), carbamazepine (mean difference, 54.69 mg less; 95% CI, 40.39-to 68.99 mg less; moderate certainty), dexmedetomidine (mean difference, 10.21 mg less; 95% CI, 1.06-19.37 mg less; low certainty), ketamine (mean difference, 36.81 mg less; 95% CI, 27.32-46.30 mg less; low certainty), nefopam (mean difference, 70.89 mg less; 95% CI, 64.46-77.32 mg less; low certainty), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (mean difference, 11.07 mg less; 95% CI, 2.7-19.44 mg less; low certainty), and tramadol (mean difference, 22.14 mg less; 95% CI, 6.67-37.61 mg less; moderate certainty). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider using adjunct agents to limit opioid exposure and improve pain scores in critically ill patients.

Experience of Chikungunya in a Chikungunya Clinic at Tertiary Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh.

A large outbreak of Chikungunya occurred in Bangladesh in 2017. It caused a serious impact on sufferers of the disease. Study aimed to assess the real scenario unfolding as case reporting to Directorate General of Health is less in Bangladesh by physicians. For this observational study a Chikungunya Clinic was set at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh and physicians were attached to the clinic who got training on Chikungunya by directorate General of Health from 9th July 2017 to 10th September 2017. A pre-tested questionnaire was supplied to all the physicians working at the clinic. Appropriate training was provided before data collection. Total 301 patients were enrolled. Most striking features were fever (99.3%), arthralgia (99.3%), rash 70.4%, Itching 64.8%, oral ulcer 23.9%, loose motion 18.6% and bleeding 8%.%. Most affected joints were MCP 76.9%, knee 74.9%, wrist 69.2%, Inter phalangeal joints of hand were 67.2%. Chikungunya was not very familiar with the physicians of Bangladesh. This was first time large scale experience by physicians of Bangladesh. Severity and chronicity of arthritis, rash, bleeding caused serious morbidity.

Prospective Leads from Endophytic Fungi for Anti-Inflammatory Drug Discovery.

A wide array of therapeutic effects has been exhibited by compounds isolated from natural sources. "Bio-actives of endophytic origin" is a recently explored area that came into recognition over the last 2 decades. Literature search on the secondary metabolites of endophytes have shown several pharmacologically active compounds especially anti-inflammatory compounds, which have been reviewed in the present paper. The article is structured based on the chemical classification of secondary metabolites. The compounds were identified to possess activity against a total of 16 anti-inflammatory targets. The most common targets involved were NO, TNF-α, and inhibition of total ROS. Further, the article gives a detailed insight into the compounds, their endophytic source, and anti-inflammatory target as well as potency. The contents of the article cover all the scientific reports published until Feb. 2019. Thus 118 compounds and 6 extracts have been reported to be obtained from endophytic sources showing anti-inflammatory activities. Amongst these, herbarin, periconianone A, and periconianone B were identified as the most potent compounds in terms of their IC50 values against NO inhibition.

Seasonal Pattern of Pathogenic V. cholerae and V. paraheamolyticus in Surface Water of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus are responsible for majority of the Vibrio-related infections world wide. In this observational study, we selected three important river and pondsites of Dhaka city, Bangladesh to observe the presence of pathogenic V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus. Surface water samples were collected from July 2013 to April 2014. Identification of V. cholerae was confirmed by the presence of ompW gene by PCR. Vibrio cholerae was found in the unique dual peak (March to May and September to November) patternin Mirpur-1 Mazar pond and Abdullahpur bridge river site, like many other studies reported earlier in Dhaka with only one exception of finding V. cholerae in the month of July 2013 in Mirpur-1 Mazar pond. A single peak was found from September to November in Mirpur-1 river sites. The ctxB positive non- O1 V. cholerae has also been reported. The presence of ctxB gene was observed by MAMA PCR. The O1 and O139 serogroups were confirmed by O1rfb and O139 rfb genes in PCR. Both classical and El-Tor biotypes were observed in this one year round study. V. paraheamolyticus was confirmed by the presence of ToxRVP gene and all the strains were negative for tdh pathogenic gene by PCR. This study observed for the first time the seasonal pattern of V. parahaemolyticus in water bodies in Bangladesh showing a peak from February to April in all three sampling sites and another additional peak which span from August to September in Mirpur-1 Mazar pond, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Women with Bronchial Asthma.

This case control study was conducted in the out patient department (OPD), Enam Medical College & Hospital (EMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2017. The aim of our study was to find the possible association between serum iron state and iron deficiency anemia with bronchial asthma in women. We investigated 40 diagnosed female cases of well controlled bronchial asthma and 20 healthy female as control. In both groups complete blood count (CBC) with peripheral smear was done, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum iron, serum ferritin, and serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was measured. We found asthma cases had lower hemoglobin than control (mean±SD 10.92±1.34 vs. 12.30±0.73, p value 0.013), serum iron and serum ferritin were significantly lower (p value 0.016 and 0.000 respectively) and TIBC was higher (p value 0.000) in asthmatic cases as compared to controls. Non anemic asthmatics showed significant lower serum ferritin compared with non-anemic healthy controls (p value 0.005). So we conclude that iron deficiency anemia is more prevalent in asthmatic women as compared to healthy controls.

Study on Blood Pressure Changes in Postmenopausal Women.

Menopause occupying one-third of women's life and women face various physiological, psychological and biochemical changes during this period. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly elevated among postmenopausal women as compared with reproductive women. To assess the blood pressure changes in healthy postmenopausal women in order to compare this parameter with healthy reproductive women, this analytical type of comparative study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017. Two hundred healthy women (100 female were postmenopausal as study group and 100 female were reproductive women as control group) aged between 25 to 65 years were enrolled in this study. Blood pressure of the individual was measured by an android sphygmomanometer and stethoscope with appropriate size of cuff. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in postmenopausal group in comparison to the reproductive women group. This study concludes systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases in postmenopausal women.

Relationship of HDL-C and Triglyceride with Hypertension in Adult Men.

Hypertension is a complex disorder involving multiple organ systems and the primary modifiable risk factor for heart disease. Aim of the study was to assess the relationship of serum HDL-C and triglyceride with hypertensive patients in order to compare this parameter with normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2018. A total number of 120 male subjects, age ranged from 30-65 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that serum triglyceride and serum HDL cholesterol were significant in study group in comparison with control group. Therefore, by this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to hypertension for leading a healthy life.

Relationship between HbA1c and Lipid Profile Seen in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending BIRDEM Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading non-communicable diseases all over the world including Bangladesh. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of ≥6.5% has been included as a criterion for diagnosis of diabetes. Impaired lipid profile is commonly present in type 2 diabetes. Aim of the study was to investigate the association between serum lipid profile and blood glucose. And hypothesizing that early detection of lipid abnormalities and treatment can minimize the risk for atherogenic cardiovascular disorder and cerebrovascular calamity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This observational cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2016 to June 2016. A total 105 patients with T2DM of age within the range of 30-45 years were selected for the purpose. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated. Test of significance was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. Correlation studies (Pearson's correlation) were performed between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum lipid profile. Significance was set at p<0.05. Significantly higher mean serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C and significantly lower mean serum levels of HDL-C were noted in patients with diabetes. Significant correlations were observed between HbA1c value and serum levels of TC, TG and HDL-C (p<0.05) but no significant correlation of HbA1c value with LDL-C in-diabetes patient. The study concluded that HbA1c value correlate well with lipid profile in-diabetes patients. So, HbA1c can be used as a predictor of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes.